Английский язык. Составитель Клементьева.
| Вариант 1 | Вариант 2 | Вариант 3 | Вариант 4 | Вариант 5 |
Вариант № 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple)
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Agricultural machines plow, sow, cultivate and harvest crops.
2. The gearbox provides eight forward speeds and four reverse speeds.
3. The horse – drawn plow makes only one furrow, Bill’s machine makes three.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The simplest method of lubricating an engine is to mix the oil with the petrol.
2. Our industry produces faster and more powerful tractors.
3. The better you maintain the tractor, the longer it will work.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) 1. The conversion of potential energy into mechanical energy takes place in the cylinder.
2. Modern agriculture is developing in close contact with science and mechanization plays an important part in it.
3. Man has done much to adapt crops to the soil and to provide various kinds of fertilizers.
б) 1. The piston is attached to the connecting rod by a pin.
2. Much work had been done for improving soil fertility on this farm.
3. The seed – bed is being properly cultivated with the help of this harrow.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I (причастие I) и Participle II (причастие II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The type of engine used to power the tractor is an internal combustion engine.
2. The purpose of the transmission system of a tractor is to transmit the power produced by the engine to the rear wheels.
3. As the oil enters the crankcase with the petrol and air, droplets settle on the connecting rod and main bearings.
4. To raise the level of mechanization of the vegetables production, including potatoes, fruit and livestock production is our interest.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. How can liquid fuel be changed into rotational mechanical energy?
2. A lubricant often has to perform many duties, in addition to its fundamental job of reducing friction and wear.
3. Tyres should be replaced before they wear down completely.
4. The coulter is to make a vertical cut and divide the soil that is raised by the share from the unplowed land.
VI. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. One of the last field operation to be used by tractor was row crop cultivation.
2. These machines were maneuverable enough to replace horses in cultivating row crops.
3. Never attempt to disassemble or adjust the fuel equipment in field conditions.
4. To obtain a perfect seal between the piston and the cylinder wall, spring rings are fitted to the piston.
VII. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:
1. To cultivate crops one must use harrows and weeders.
2. The horse – drawn plow makes only one furrow.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Automobile Production
Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases: 1) designing, 2) working out the technology of manufacturing processes, 3) laboratory tests, 4) road tests, 5) mass production (manufacturing).
Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know these facts as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet up-to-date requirements.
What are these requirements? The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, case of maintenance and pleasant appearance. In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.
But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production.
Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.
IX. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте и в контрольных заданиях к следующим словам и выражениям:
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Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple)
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The conversion of potential energy into mechanical energy takes place in the cylinder.
2. This means that the running temperature of an engine is controlled between certain limits, to produce the best results.
3. Almost every car is produced to the customer’s specific requirements.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The heaviest cultivators are used for breaking up ground, prior to plowing.
2. Agricultural machines help us to make our work easier.
3. The more fertilizers farmers apply the higher yields they get.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) 1. The farmers widely use such machinery as combine harvesters, potato – diggers, mowing machines, implements for plowing, sowing, cultivating and harvesting different crops.
2. Our industry will increase the output of faster and more powerful tractors, provided with the full set of farm implement.
3. Research has demonstrated that the mold – board plow is the most efficient machine for pulverizing the soil.
б) 1. The modern plow is mounted directly behind the tractor.
2. By the 19th century some agricultural machines had been introduced.
3. Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I (причастие I) и Participle II (причастие II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Cultivators consist of two rows of tines mounted on a strong frame.
2. Practically all wheat grown in our country is harvested with the combine.
3. When heated the piston expands in volume.
4. Adjustable plow press drills are made to pull behind plows.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The burning and combustion process and the force of expansion have to be controlled.
2. Spare parts can be bought from your local dealer.
3. After plowing the field should be disked and harrowed to control weeds.
4. The share is to penetrate and then undercut through the soil at the desired depth.
VI. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. If necessary, repeat the operation to obtain proper spray.
2. The purpose of the system is to carry off heat from the cylinders and their heads.
3. This tractor is good enough to put it in production.
4. They spoke about mechanisms to be repaired first of all.
VII. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:
1. The mechanisms employed in tractors were not much different in principle from earlier ones.
2. One must follow safety rules.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE MODERN FARM TRACTOR
Tractors may be classified according to type of engine, i.e. how the fuel gets into the cylinder. An internal combustion engine is one in which the fuel is burned, and the power is generated within a closed cylinder.
An external combustion engine is one in which the fuel is burned outside of the
cylinder, and the power generated is confined in a separate space to be released.
The engine used may be two or four cycles; single or multiple cylinder; manifold or solid injection; low, medium, or high compression; but it is still an internal combustion engine. As such, it requires constant, systematic care and maintenance to insure greatest efficiency and long life.
The modern farm tractor is the result of many years of development. Its present
efficiency is possible because of engineering progress in design, metallurgy fuels, lubricants, manufacturing methods and in many other respects. The modern tractor may be said to be very closely related to the modern automobile, truck, airplane, all of them having one feature in common: the internal combustion engine.
The farm tractor is capable of working long hours at capacity loads in the heat and dust of summer or in the cold and snow of winter. Long continued good performance is known to depend upon the operator.
IX. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте и в контрольных заданиях к следующим словам и выражениям:
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1. двигатель внутреннего сгорания |
6. очень тесно связанный |
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2. закрытый цилиндр |
7. грузоподъемность |
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3. внешняя поверхность цилиндра |
8. хорошая производительность |
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4. твердый впрыск |
9. два или четыре цикла |
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5. гарантировать эффективность |
10. выхлопная труба |
Вариант № 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple)
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The transmission system consists of a clutch, gearbox, differential and final drive.
2. The fuel system of spark ignition engines differs from the diesel fuel system of compression ignition engines.
3. Most of London’s places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Railways had made possible to travel faster over long distances.
2. Mechanization of agricultural processes makes farm production more profitable.
3. The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) 1. Someday man will be able to provide food for all the people on the earth.
2. Engineers devised a car which is not only extremely mobile and efficient, but also very economical.
3. Some farm enterprises are combining agriculture with industrial production.
б) 1. The coulter is carried by the frame of a plow.
2. The output of faster and more powerful tractors is being increased by our industry.
3. A new car design has been built lately.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I (причастие I) и Participle II (причастие II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Disk-tiller seeders use conventional drill hoppers and feeds mounted on a disk tiller.
2. These wheels are usually grouped in several gangs.
3. Modern agricultural implements adapted to large-scale farming methods are usually powered by diesel- or petrol-fueled internal-combustion engines.
4. Cultivating this crop you must keep the recommendation of the agronomist.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A good seedbed can be prepared either by plowing or by disking and harrowing.
2. When corn follows small grains listing may be done without plowing.
3. To remove and install an injector the cover should be taken off.
4. To make farm production more profitable different cultivating and harvesting machines are to be used.
VI. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. Here are the machines to work on our farm.
2. Our task is to mechanize majority of agricultural processes.
3. Milking machines to be used on our farm are produced by this plant.
4. A lubricant often has to perform many duties.
VII. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:
1. One must know the chemical properties of the atom.
2. He hasn’t got a mini-tractor, he wants to buy one.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Fuel System.
The fuel system includes air cleaner, carburetor and governor. Of these, the air cleaner is undoubtedly the most important. If it becomes clogged, it will cause bad starting and lack of power, if it is incorrectly serviced and allows dirty air to enter the engine, cylinder piston and crankshaft wear increase alarmingly.
Each internal combustion engine being designed to burn a certain kind of fuel, and to do most efficient performance, the proper fuel should always be used in an engine. If a fuel that is not correct for the engine is used continually, many difficulties are likely to be experienced: lack of power, overheating, excessive fuel consumption, knocking, rapid wear, and other troubles. Some engines are designed to use two kinds of fuel, under certain specified conditions. Two-fuel engines are ordinarily started and warmed up on gasoline, and operated at work on a heavier fuel, such as distillate or tractor fuel.
Liquid fuels may be generally divided into light and heavy. Gasoline, bensol are light fuels while distillate, tractor fuel, fuel oil are heavy fuels.
IX. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте и в контрольных заданиях к следующим словам и выражениям:
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1. воздушный фильтр |
6. износ коленвала |
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2. ведомый механизм |
7. сжигать определенный вид топлива |
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3. забиваться |
8. чрезмерное потребление топлива |
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4. потеря мощности |
9. более тяжелое топливо |
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5. поршень |
10. дистиллятное топливо |
Вариант № 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple)
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The fuel system of spark ignition engines differs from the diesel fuel system of compression ignition engines.
2. The cooling system not only reduces temperature, it also controls the temperature as excessive cooling is undesirable.
3. James Watt's early interest in steam arose from experience in repairing a model steam engine in 1764.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The heaviest cultivators are used for breaking up ground, prior to plowing.
2. The simplest method of lubricating an engine is to mix the oil with the petrol.
3. The more combines we use, the sooner we finish the harvesting.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) 1. Many engineers will be working at the problem.
2. We installed necessary equipment on moving machines.
3. The driver usually increases speed gradually.
б) 1. A few farm tractors were built in the 1890s.
2. Linear motion is converted into rotary motion by a connecting rod and crank arrangement joined to be piston.
3. Some cities are so noisy and polluted that in many places vehicles have been banned in the city centre.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I (причастие I) и Participle II (причастие II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The mechanisms employed in tractors were not much different in principle from earlier ones.
2. When planning mechanical systems the goal should always be considered.
3. Tractor-mounted grain drills are limited in size.
4. These devices are operated in fresh-plowed soil.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. After plowing the field should be disked and harrowed to control weeds.
2. The service life of machine parts can't be increased by strengthening treatment.
3. A lubricant often has to perform many duties, in addition to its fundamental job of reducing friction and wear.
4. Make sure that the shaft can be freely turned by hand.
VI. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. These farm machines had high clearance to enable them to cultivate corn and cotton.
2. The function of the fuel system is to store and supply engine with clean fuel, in the correct ratio over a wide range of engine speeds and loads.
3. To prolong the life of the crank gear observe some Don’ts.
4. This is the mechanism to be used in facilitating engine starting.
VII. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:
1. One must take part in scientific work.
2. This tractor is more powerful than that one.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Compression
Compression is the basis if engine power, and the components used to obtain it are crankcase and crankshaft; connecting-rod, piston and rings; cylinder, cylinder head and gaskets; valves and tappets. The crankshaft in carried by two main bearings mounted in the crankcase. The piston carries two or three compression rings and one oil scraper ring; worn rings should be renewed if the gap measures 0.030 in. or more.
The compression ratio is relationship between the volume of the fuel and air mixture (combustible mixture) in the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom and the volume of the same combustible mixture when the piston is at the top of the stroke. If the volume of combustible mixture in a cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke is 72 cubic inches, and the mixture is compressed to a volume of 12 cubic inches when the piston is at the top of the stroke, the compression ratio is 6 to 1. The significance of the compression ratio of an engine can be fully understood if one remembers that the amount of pressure on the piston determines the power of the engine. Other things being equal, the greater the pressure at the beginning of the power stroke, the greater will be the power developed.
IX. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте и в контрольных заданиях к следующим словам и выражениям:
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1. мощность двигателя |
6. изношенные кольца |
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2. картер |
7. горючая смесь |
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3. коленчатый вал |
8. кубический дюйм |
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4. клапаны и толкатель |
9. рабочий ход |
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5. компрессионные кольца |
10. степень сжатия |
Вариант № 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple)
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Some people spend their lives collecting valuable cars.
2. Tractor provides locomotion for many other implements.
3. Bill’s tractor was more powerful and was equipped with the computer.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The environmentalists agreed that cars have made our lives much easier and more comfortable.
2. “Smart” is one of the world’s youngest car.
3. The most important machine of modern agriculture is a tractor.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) 1. More sweeps on the cultivator will require more power.
2. The word “automobile” consists of two words: autos and mobilis.
3. Bill has adjusted the plow so that it will cut to a depth of fifteen centimeters only.
б) 1. The plow leg is carried by the frame.
2. The explanation of these facts has not been given yet.
3. Specialized machinery is used to harvest large root crops, such as potato and sugar beet.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I (причастие I) и Participle II (причастие II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The life system of the tiller must have sufficient capacity to handle the added weight of the seeder attachment.
2. One-horse drills are made to drill between rows of standing corn.
3. An automatic feeding system supplies controls to machines.
4. An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The mounted plows may be placed either ahead or behind the rear wheels.
2. Adjustment and replacement of injection pump parts must be made in a specially equipped shop.
3. Equipment design has to minimize the forces applied to the soil.
4. Diesel engine can be started with compressed air from an outside source.
VI. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. The type of engine used to power the tractor is an internal combustion engine.
2. Never attempt to disassemble or adjust the fuel equipment in field conditions.
3. Do not allow air and water to leak into fuel system.
4. The function of this mechanism is to balance the crank gear.
VII. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:
1. The mechanisms employed in the tractors were not much different in principle from earlier ones.
2. The horse – drawn plow makes only one furrow.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
TRACTOR POWER
The basis of mechanization is the supply of power, in other words, it is the tractor. The actual source of farm power supply is the combustion of a fuel in the tractor engine; the engine produces power which the other tractor components make available at the drawbar, belt pulley and p.t.o. shaft.
The combustion of a mixture of air and fuel produces heat energy which is converted into mechanical energy by the engine. But considerable heat is inevitably lost with the exhaust gases and to the cooling water and mechanical losses of power occur in friction of the moving parts of the engine, in pumping the air or mixture into the cylinders and the burnt gases out of the cylinders and in driving the engine accessories (such as magneto, fan, etc.). Thus the power actually developed by the engine is very much less than the power equivalent latent in the fuel.
The ignition of a mixture of fuel and air in each cylinder gives rise to high pressure in the combustion space and forces the piston downwards; the piston is connected through a crank arrangement to a crankshaft and the pressure acting on each piston during the power stroke causes a turning effort on the crankshaft. The resultant crankshaft torque multiplied by the speed of crankshaft rotation gives the engine power output.
IX. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте и в контрольных заданиях к следующим словам и выражениям:
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1. подача энергии |
6. охлаждающая вода |
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2. тяговый брус |
7. механические потери |
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3. тепловая энергия |
8. зажигание |
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4. преобразовать |
9. пространство сгорания |
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5. выхлопные газы |
10. высокое давление |
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