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Английский язык. Составитель Клементьева 2024г

Вариант 1 Вариант 2 Вариант 3 Вариант 4 Вариант 5

 

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Вариант I

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple);

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Предложения переведите:

1.  He books tickets in the office.

2.  All books were taken from the library yesterday.

3.  Electricity plays an important part in everyday life.

4. Students attend the professor’s lectures.

5. The electrician repairs the wires in his parents’ house.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы и переведите предложения:

1.  One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul’s Cathedral.

2.  This room is smaller than mine.

3.  The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.

4.  The greater the potential difference, the greater is the electron flow.

 

III. Выберите правильную форму прилагательных. Предложения переведите.

  1. Jill is a far (more intelligent, most intelligent) person than my brother.

  2. Kate was the (more practical, most practical) of the family.

  3. Greg felt (worse, the worst) yesterday than the day before.

  4. Jack was the (taller, tallest) of the two.

  5. Could you come a bit (earlier, earliest) tomorrow?

  6.  It’s a lot (easy, easier) to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken.

  7. Computers are one of the (latest, later) dis­coveries of the 20th century.

  8. Jane is (older, oldest) than Jack by two years.

 

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную и залоговую форму. Предложения переведите:

     1. Russian Scientists are solving many complex problems.

2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

3. We had received good results before the auditors came.

4. They provide agricultural machinery, inorganic fertilizers, seeds and animal feed.

5. In 1871 Lord Rayleigh developed the theory of light scattering.

6. Tom was working in the laboratory the whole day.

7. You will probably be working when I ring you up.

8. You will not understand the idea of the text if you read it inaccurately.

 

V. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения:

1.  Students may use a dictionary while translating the article.

2.  Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

3.  Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

4. You must fasten your seat belt for landing and taking off.

5. He may be there to meet us. / Нe may meet us.

6. This is a surprise. You shouldn’t tell anybody about it.

 

VI. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:

1.  One must study hard if one wants to pass one’s exams.

2.  These trucks are too small, they will need bigger ones.

 

VII. Письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на пояснения к тексту:

 

Electric current

The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. In other words, the flow of moving electrons is the form of the electric current. What can we say about the electron?  We consider the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge. This charge is negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire carries an electric current.

In addition to traveling through solids, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements. Some liquids such as melted metals, for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, change greatly when the current passes through them.

The reader certainly remembers that a negatively charged electron moves to the positive end of the wire. It had been supposed to move in the wrong way, from the positive end of the circuit to the negative, long before the electrons were discovered. In fact, when a wire is carrying a current from left to right, the electrons in it are really flowing from right to left.

When the electrons are flowing in one direction only, the current in the wire is direct. The simplest source of power for direct currents is a battery. A battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time.

The alternating current flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The alternating current used for power and lighting purposes goes through 50 cycles in one second.

One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa.

In fact, at least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is alternating current. It finds a wide application for lighting, heating, industrial and other purposes.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

in addition to – кроме того, к тому же

as well – также, тоже

in other words – другими словами

to meet requirements – удовлетворять нужды, отвечать требованиям

for example – например

in fact – фактически, на самом деле

in one second – в секунду

vice versa – наоборот

at least – по крайней мере

 

IX. Переведите следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

 

electric current

effects of the electric current

direct current

source of power

alternating current

low (high) voltage

electric charge

(electric) circuit

negative charge

moving electrons

positive charge

 

 

Вариант II

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple);

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Предложения переведите:

1.  China exports a great variety of goods.

2.  The students’ reports were interesting.

3.  The inhabitants of St. Petersburg are fond of their city.

4. These parks are very nice.

5. John often parks his car here.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы и переведите предложения:

1.  Mathematics is the most difficult subject for me.

2.  The more I thought of that plan, the less I liked it.

3.  Your translation is better than mine.

4.  The shorter the wire, the less it’s resistance to current flow.

 

III. Выберите правильную форму прилагательных. Предложения переведите.

  1. This poem belongs to his (latter, later) works.

  2. Jane is 2 years (older, the oldest) than Jack.

  3. Safari parks are (better, the best) places of all to keep animals.

  4. They talked about (the latest, latter) developments in agriculture.

  5. We prefer the Palm Beach though it is (farther, the farthest) from the center.

  6. His book is the (most interesting, more interesting) of all I have read this year.

  7. My sister speaks English (the worst, worse) than I do.

  8. Which is (the hottest, hotter) month of the year?

 

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную и залоговую форму. Предложения переведите:

     1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as source of energy.

2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

3. Most of everyday appliances run on electric power.

4. Michael Faraday discovered that moving a magnet inside a wire coil could generate electricity.

5. When my friend phoned me, I was listening to music.

6. If you continue practicing English, your comprehension will be improving.

7. I won’t have written the exercise by the time appointed.

8. Yesterday at 5 p.m. I was crossing the Pacific Ocean.

 

 

V. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения:

1.  Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2.  The computers should become an integral part of organization of industrial processes of all types.

3.  These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4.  The chemists may use the reactor to analyze various substances for their exact composition.

5. He has to heat the mixture for two hours.

6. Some people are not able to sing.

 

VI. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:

1.  One never knows what may happen.

2.  These texts are too long, we need shorter ones.

 

VII. Письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на пояснения к тексту:

 

Electric circuit

The electric circuit is a complete path which carries the current from the source of supply to the load and then carries it again from the load to the source.

The current may pass through solid conductors, liquids, gases, vacuums or any combinations of these. It may flow over transmission lines from the power station, through transformers, cables and switches, through lamps, heaters, motors and so on, back through other switches, transformers and transmission lines to the generator in the power station.

There are many kinds of circuits, such as open circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits. If the circuit is broken or, as we generally say, “opened” anywhere, the current stops everywhere. Hence, we break the circuit when we switch off our electric devices. The path along which electrons travel must be complete or no electric power can be supplied to the load from the source. Thus, we close the circuit when we switch on our electric lamp.

When electrical devices are connected so that the current is not divided at any point, they are connected in series. Under such conditions the current is the same in all parts of the circuit. Quite the opposite, the parallel circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. We know this circuit to be divided in such a way that part of the current goes through one path and part through another.

We produce a short circuit or, as we sometimes call it, “the short” when we allow the current to return to the source of supply without control and without doing the work.

It is interesting to note that some substances like metals, for example, conduct electricity with ease; on the contrary, others, such as rubber, do not allow it to move freely. Thus, we obtain conductors and insulators.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

to pass through – проходить, протекать через что-либо

hence – следовательно

thus – таким образом

under such conditions – при таких условиях

quite the opposite – совсем наоборот

in such a way – таким образом

for example – например

with ease – легко

on the contrary – наоборот

of course – конечно

e.m.f. – э.д.с.

 

IX. Переведите следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

 

source of supply

electric circuit

transmission line

open circuit

power station

closed circuit

electrical device

series circuit

electric power

parallel circuit

to switch on (off)

short circuit

to conduct electricity

 

 

Вариант III

 

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple);

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Предложения переведите:

1.  The lecturer gave several examples of Russian scientists’ achievements.

2.  The foundation of Izhevsk dates back to 1760.

3.  The electrician repairs the wires in his parents’ house.

4. Don’t park your car next to my house!

5. This park is the most beautiful in the world.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы и переведите предложения:

1.  The more I studied English, the more I liked it.

2.  My friend is the best student of our group.

3.  Your composition is better, than mine.

4.  The faster the molecules of a substance move, the higher is the temperature of it.

 

III. Выберите правильную форму прилагательных. Предложения переведите.

  1. Which is (more beautiful, the most beautiful) place in this part of the country?

  2. A train is (faster, the fastest) than a bus.

  3. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nicer, nice). They are (nicer, the nicest) than the sweets in that box.

  4. (Tall, the tallest) trees in the world grow in California.

  5. This girl is (better, the best) student in our group.

  6. You looked depressed this morning but you look a bit (happy, happier) now.

  7. It’s a little (warm, warmer) today than it was yesterday.

  8. I prefer this armchair. It’s much (more comfortable, comfortable) than the other one.

 

 IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную и залоговую форму. Предложения переведите:

     1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heart and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

3. The purest and most basic form of electricity is lightning.

4. William Gilbert for the first time used the word “electricity” and became the father of modern electricity.

5. These children were playing football the whole day yesterday.

6. Last night he completed the experiment which he had begun some months before.

7. Will you have informed him about my decision by the end of the discussion?

8. He will be glad to tell her about Moscow.

V. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения:

1.  Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

2.  The application of computers should help in automatic control in industrial processes.

3.  These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4.  Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

5. My colleague must leave today.

6. He could lose his mobile telephone at the college.

 

VI. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:

1.  One must know the chemical properties of the atom.

2.  He hasn’t got a radio-set, he wants to buy one.

 

VII. Письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на пояснения к тексту:

 

Conductors and Insulators

All substances have some ability to transmit electrons but they differ greatly in the ease with which electrons pass through them. For instance, a copper wire conducts electricity readily, glass conducts so little currents that it is hardly measurable. Substances through which currents easily pass are the conductors. Substances strongly resisting the flow of current are the insulators. An insulator is also called a dielectric.

Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity but we consider silver to be the best conductor of all. Copper comes next, it is followed by aluminium. Copper is our commonly used conductor.

Some liquids also conduct electric currents. They even prove to be good conductors of electricity. Most gases conduct current under proper conditions of pressure and temperature. However, they are not as good electrical conductors as metals.

The most common materials used to resist electric flow are: glass, rubber, porcelain, paper, oil, cotton and silk. Non-ionized clean air is also considered to be a good insulator. It is often used for this purpose in electrical apparatus.

It would be quite wrong to think that conducting materials are the only materials used for the transmission of power. We need both conductors and insulators. We cannot do without the copper wire which conducts the electric power and, acts as a conductor. However, we have to use an insulator to prevent electrical losses.

In the transmission of power we generally employ the best conductors.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

for instance – например

however – однако

it would be quite wrong – было бы неправильно …

the only – единственный

to do without – обходиться без

in order that – для того, чтобы

 

IX. Переведите следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

 

to conduct electricity

transmission of power

to transmit electrons

electrical loss

electric current

non-ionized air

electric field

conducting material

electric conductor

insulating material

to resist electric flow

 

 

Вариант IV

 

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple);

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Предложения переведите:

1.  He parks his car next to the building.

2.  Moscow parks are the most beautiful in the world.

3.  The author mentions this phenomenon in his articles.

4. My friend’s father plants beautiful plants every spring.

5. His works were published in 2010.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы и переведите предложения:

1.  This Hydro-Electric Power Station is the biggest in Europe.

2.  The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.

3.  St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities of Russia.

4.  The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance conducts electricity.

 

III. Выберите правильную форму прилагательных. Предложения переведите.

  1. The exam was (longer, the longest) than I thought it would be.

  2. It was (sweeter, the sweetest) apple I had eaten for ages.

  3. The lake was (deeper, the deepest) than I expected so I decided to take a boat.

  4. I bought these leather trousers as they seem to be (more durable, the most durable) than my jeans.

  5. The (easier, easiest) way to get there is by bus.

  6. You looked depressed this morning but you look a bit (happy, happier) now.

  7. It’s a little (warm, warmer) today than it was yesterday.

  8. Computers are one of the (latest, later) dis­coveries of the 20th century.

 

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную и залоговую форму. Предложения переведите:

     1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced on the nuclear theory.

2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many    scientists.

3. The discovery process dates back to 2750 BC, when Egyptians referred to the electric fish as the ''Thunders of the Nile''.

4. In 600 BC, Thales of Miletus became the earliest researcher of electricity.

5. In summer this old man was staying at home all the time.

6. They will be flying to New York next week on Monday.

7. They went for a walk after they had finished the work.

8. By the end of this week my friend will already have written his report on history.

 

V. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения:

1.  Heat can be divided into three different types.

2.  A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

3.  Finally he had to tell us the truth.

4.  The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

5. My sister will be able to help you tomorrow.

6. We must stay at home this afternoon.

 

VI. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:

1. One understands the importance of electricity when one sees trams, trolley-buses and trains driven by it.

2. This is more important problem than that one.

 

VII. Письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на пояснения к тексту:

 

The transformer

A transformer cannot be called a machine for it has no moving parts. We know the transformer to be an apparatus designed for changing voltages and currents by means of magnetic induction.

A two-winding transformer is consist of two coils so arranged that the magnetic lines of force of one coil pass through the other. Transformers is generally used only with alternating current. The alternating current in one coil induces an e.m.f. in the other one because of the alternations in the value of the current in the first coil.

In order to strengthen the magnetic field passing through the coils of a transformer, a closed core of iron is generally used. The iron provides a good path for the magnetic lines of force and nearly all the lines of force from one coil pass through the other. An ideal transformer has no load losses. It means that all the lines of force of one coil pass through the other, and vice versa. However, the ordinary transformer is supposed to have no load losses.

The coil on which the current is impressed on the input side of the transformer is called the primary, while the one from which the induced current is obtained on the output side is called the secondary. In case the secondary has more turns than the primary, the output voltage is larger than the input voltage and the transformer is called a step – up when transformer.

The secondary has fewer turns than the primary the transformer is called a step-down transformer.

If the same number of magnetic lines of force pass through two-coils, the ration of the e.m.f. induced in the two coils is proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in the two coils. In the transformer this means that the e.m.f. in the secondary is to e.m.f. in the primary as the number of turns in the secondary is to the number of turns the primary.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

by means of – при помощи, посредством

because of – из-за, вследствие

in order to – для того, чтобы

it means – это значит

however – однако

in case – в случае, если

the e.m.f. in the secondary is to e.m.f. in the primary – э.д.с. во вторичной так относится к э.д.с. первичной

vice versa – наоборот

the number of – количество

 

IX. Переведите следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

 

alternating voltage

secondary coil of a transformer

magnetic induction

input voltage

magnetic line of force

output voltage

value of current

number of turns in a coil

core of iron

step-up transformer

non-load losses

step-down transformer

primary coil of a transformer

 

 

Вариант V

 

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в простом настоящем времени (Present Simple);

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Предложения переведите:

1.  Milk is an essential part of children’s diet.

2.  He milks cows twice a day.

3.  The student’s hostel is within five minutes’ walk from the Academy.

4. He works in the office from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m.

5. His works were published in 2010.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните эти формы и переведите предложения:

1.  Automatic devices make labor safer and easier.

2.  The more often you speak to this girl, the more you like her.

3.  English and Spain languages are the most popular at present.

4.  The higher the temperature of a metal, the higher is its resistance.

 

III. Выберите правильную форму прилагательных. Предложения переведите.

  1. It’s a little (warm, warmer) today than it was yesterday.

  2. Did you enjoy your visit to the museum? - Yes, I found it far (more interesting, interesting) than I expected.

  3. I prefer this armchair. It’s much (comfortable, more comfortable) than the other one.

  4. When the war ended, the reconstruction of Moscow was resumed on a (larger, the largest) scale than before.

  5. The Battle of Warsaw was the (great, greatest) battle of all times.

  6. The 22nd of December is the (shorter, shortest) day of the year.

  7. Iron is (more useful, the most useful) of all metals. 

  8. Could you come a bit (earlier, earliest) tomorrow?

 

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную и залоговую форму. Предложения переведите:

     1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2. The use of consumer electronics is increasing at present.

3. Thomas Edison made a valuable contribution to the harnessing of electricity.

4. Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and runs machinery in factories.

5. At that time our programmers were checking a file.

6. By the end of the week we’ll have finished this work.

7. He felt much better after he had spoken to the doctor.

8. If Jack has enough money, he will be buy a new car.

 

V. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения:

1.  We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2.  A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3.  New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

4.  Scientists have to use different special instruments in their research work.

5. They must work hard at their office this week.

6. My friends may be right.

 

VI. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию слова one:

1.  One must remember that it is necessary to study English at least an hour a day.

2.  I have only red pencils, I’ll buy some green ones.

 

VII. Письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на пояснения к тексту:

 

Electromotive force

The electromotive force (e.m.f.) is the very force that moves the electrons from one point in an electric circuit towards another. The greater the electromotive force, the greater the pressure on the electrons moving through the conductor. A battery or the other source of an electromotive force is simply a device that produces a potential difference necessary for causing electric current to flow along a conductor. We know the current to flow through a conductor in case there is a potential difference between the ends of the conductor.

The e.m.f. is measured and the volt is the unit in which it is measured.

One should distinguish between an electromotive force and a potential difference. A generator or battery is a source of electromotive force, whereas the voltage across a resistance in which a current is flowing is a potential difference or voltage drop. The e.m.f. of a battery or a generator cannot be measured exactly at its terminals since these devices have an internal voltage drop when the circuit is completed.

If an e.m.f. is applied to a path which allows the electrons to pass, they will move toward the point of higher potential, and then current flows in the circuit.

In a closed circuit consisting of a source of e.m.f., of metallic conductors and a device, the electric current is flowing from a plus terminal of a source of e.m.f. to minus terminal, giving up its energy in the form of heat.

When the current flows through a source of e.m.f. in the direction in which the e.m.f. tends to produce current, energy is transferred from the source of e.m.f. to the circuit. Quite the opposite, the current flowing against the e.m.f., energy is transferred from the circuit to the source of e.m.f.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

the very – тот самый

in case – в случае, если

coulomb – кулон

one should distinguish – следует различать

in general – вообще

quite the opposite – наоборот

to give up energy – отдавать энергию

unit – единица (измерения)

 

IX. Переведите следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

 

electric circuit

voltage across a resistance

closed circuit

terminals of a battery

potential difference

to transfer energy

unit of e.m.f.

direction of e.m.f.

voltage drop

to measure the e.m.f.

internal voltage drop

resistance of a conductor

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