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Артикул: англ4.5

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Вариант 5 Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the vocabulary. The anatomy of the cattle          …

Вариант 5

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the vocabulary.

The anatomy of the cattle

          Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries such, as India, cattle are sacred. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today.

          Cattle have one stomach with four compartments. They are rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment.The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the “honey comb”. Cattle sometimes consume metal objects which are deposited in the reticulum and irrigation from the metal objects causing hardware disease. The omasum’s main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the “many plies”. The abomasums is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the “true stomach”.

Cattle are ruminants. They have a digestive system that allows use of otherwise indigestible foods by repeatedly regurgitating and rechewing them as “cud”. The cud is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids that cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen are also able to synthesize amino acids from nonprotein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia. As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their carcasses continue on through the digestive tract. These carcasses are then partially digested by the cattle, allowing them to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other vegetation. The gestation period for a cow is nine months. A newborn calf weighs 25–45 kg (55 to 99 lb). Breeding stock usually lives to about 15 years (occasionally as much as 25 years). (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).

 

cattle pl. ['kætl] крупныйрогатыйскот

stomach ['stΛmək] желудок

compartment [kəm'pa:pmənt] отдел, отделение

rumen ['ru:men] рубец, первыйотделпреджелудка

reticulum [ri'tikjuləm] сетка, второйотделпреджелудка

omasum [ɒ'mei∫əm] книжка, третийотделпреджелудка

abomasum [æbɒ 'mei∫əm] сычуг, четвертыйотделпреджелудка

hardware [`ha:dwεə] металические изделия

digestible [dai'ʤestəbl] легко усваиваемый

ruminant ['ru:minənt] жвачный, жвачное животное

digestive [dai′ʤestiv] пищеварительный

carbo-hydrate ['ka:bəu'haidreit] углевод

nitrogenous [nai'trɒʤinəs] азотный, азотистый

urea ['ju:əriə] мочевина

ammonia ['əməunjə] аммиак

carcass ['ka:kəs] туша, тело

gestation [ʤes'tei∫n] беременность

stock [stɒk] порода племя

 

Ex. 2. Make a review of the article.

Shedding light on coral reefs

New research quantifies light availability on coral reef ecosystems

 

Date:September 11, 2020

Source:Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences

Summary:New research generates the largest characterization of coral reef spectral data to date. These data are an initial step in building a quantitative understanding of reef water clarity. With these data, coral reef scientists can begin to develop models to address fundamental questions about how reefs function, such as how much light reaches the various reef zones or how ecological zonation on reefs might be driven by light absorption.

 

Earlier this year, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) senior scientist and coral reef ecologist Eric Hochberg published a paper in the journal Coral Reefs that put numbers to a widely accepted concept in reef science: that materials in seawater (such as phytoplankton, organic matter, or suspended sediment) can affect how much light, as well as the wavelength of light, reaches the seafloor. This, in turn, impacts the ecology of organisms, including corals and algae, that live on the seafloor and rely on that light for photosynthesis.

"Given that reef ecosystems are driven by photosynthesis, there should really be a greater interest in light ecology on reefs," Hochberg said. "In order to do that, you need to have numbers, so this paper is a start in that it generates the first reasonably large data set on water clarity on reefs."

Along with Stacy Peltier, a former research technician at BIOS, and Ste'phaneMaritorena, a researcher at the Earth Research Institute at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Hochberg collected and analyzed 199 water column profiles across the reefs and deep waters of Hawaii and Bermuda using an instrument called a profiling reflectance radiometer (PRR), or "water rocket."

A 2.5 foot-long (0.76 meter) metal tube with fins, the PRR simultaneously measures the spectrum (intensity for each color of the rainbow) of light in the water column coming down from the surface, as well as the spectrum of light reflected up from the bottom. The instrument is tethered to a laptop by a data cable and deployed over the side of a boat, allowing scientists to monitor it in real-time as it drifts to the bottom, collecting data profiles along the way at a rate of 15 measurements per second.

With these numbers, Hochberg and other coral reef scientists can begin to conduct models to address fundamental ecological questions, such as how much light reaches the various reef zones (fore-reef, reef flat, and lagoon) or how ecological zonation on reefs might be driven by light absorption.

For example, while the outer reef area is generally more clear and allows more blue light to penetrate to deeper depths, lagoon areas are more turbid (cloudy) and allow more green light to penetrate to deeper depths. "Different colors of water reach different depths in different zones, which matters for the communities that live on the bottom," Hochberg said. "The pigments that organisms have might change depending on light availability -- not just how much light is available, but what color of light is available."

 

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