Вариант 4 Выполнить перевод 1 текста, составить к статье (текст 2) аннотацию. Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the vocabulary. The…

Вариант 4

Выполнить перевод 1 текста, составить к статье (текст 2) аннотацию.

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the vocabulary.

The anatomy of the dog

External anatomy is concerned with the study of such organs as muzzle, dewlap (throat, neck skin), shoulder, elbow, forefeet, croup, leg (thigh and hip), hock, hind feet, withers, stifle, paws, tail.

         Physical characteristics. Like most predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching, holding, and tearing.

The dog's ancestral skeleton provides the ability to run and leap. Their legs are designed to propel them forward rapidly, leaping as necessary, to chase and overcome prey. Consequently, they have small, tight feet, walking on their 34 toes; their rear legs are fairly rigid and sturdy; the front legs are loose and flexible, with only muscle attaching them to the torso.

Dogs have disconnected shoulder bones that allow a greater stride length for running and leaping. They walk on four toes, front and back, and have vestigial dewclaws (dog thumbs) on their front legs and sometimes on their rear legs.

Sight. Like most mammals, dogs are dichromats and have color vision equivalent to red-green color blindness in humans. Different breeds of dogs have different eye shapes and dimensions, and they also have different retina configurations. Dogs with long noses have a “visual streak” which runs across the width of the retina and gives them a very wide field of excellent vision, while those with short noses have an “area centralis” – a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the visual streak – giving them detailed sight much more like a human's. Some breeds have a field of vision up to 270°, although broad-headed breeds with short noses have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.

 Hearing. The frequency range of dog hearing is approximately 40 Hz to 60,000 Hz. Dogs detect sounds as low as the 16 to 20 Hz frequency range and above 45 kHz, and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate and raise or lower a dog's ear. Additionally, a dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans are able to.

Smell. Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief. Dogs can sense odours at concentrations nearly 100 million times lower than humans can. The percentage of the dog's brain that is devoted to analyzing smells is actually 40 times larger than that of a human. Some dog breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren.

 Modern dog breeds exhibit a diverse array of fur coats, including dogs without fur. Dog coats vary in texture, color, and markings, and a specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe each characteristic.

Tail. There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, cork-screw. In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. It can happen that some puppies are born with a short tail or no tail in some breeds. (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

 

muzzle [mΛzl] морда

dewlap ['dju:læp] подгрудок

croup [kru:p] зад, круп

hip [hip] бедро, бок

hock [hɒk] поджилки, коленноесухожилие

wither ['wiðə] холка

stifle [staifl] коленныйсустав, коленнаячашка

tosprint [sprint] бежатьнакороткуюдистанциюспринтовать

endurance [in'dju:ərəns] выносливость

ancestral [æn'sestrəl] наследственный, родовой

leap; toleap [li:p] прыжок, скачок; прыгать

tochase ['t∫eis] преследовать, гнаться

toprey [prei] охотиться, ловить

torso ['tɒ:səu] туловище

vestigial [ves'tidʒiəl] остаточный, исчезающий

dewclaw ['dju:klɒ:] рудиментарныйотростокввидепальцаналапе

thumb [ӨΛm] большойпалец

dichromatic ["daikrəu'mætik] двухцветный

configuration [kən"figju'rei∫ən] форма, конфигурация

streak [stri:k] жилка, прожилка

hearing ['hiəriŋ] слух

odour ['əudə] запах

scent [sent] след, запах

canine ['keinain] собачий

fur [fə:] шерсть, шкура

tail [teil] хвост

Ex. 2. Make a review of the article.

Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19, study finds

Date: September 3, 2020

Source: University of Chicago Medical Center

Summary:

In a retrospective study of patients tested for COVID-19, researchers found an association between vitamin D deficiency and the likelihood of becoming infected with the coronavirus.

       "Vitamin D is important to the function of the immune system and vitamin D supplements have previously been shown to lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections," said David Meltzer, MD, PhD, Chief of Hospital Medicine at UChicago Medicine and lead author of the study. "Our statistical analysis suggests this may be true for the COVID-19 infection."

         The research team looked at 489 U Chicago Medicine patients whose vitamin D level was measured within a year before being tested for COVID-19. Patients who had vitamin D deficiency (< 20ng/ml) that was not treated were almost twice as likely to test positive for the COVID-19 coronavirus compared to patients who had sufficient levels of the vitamin.

         The study, "Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results," was published Sept. 3 in JAMA Network Open. Findings were previously reported on medRxiv, a preprint server for the health sciences.

           Half of Americans are deficient in Vitamin D, with much higher rates seen in African Americans, Hispanics and individuals living in areas like Chicago where it is difficult to get enough sun exposure in winter.

         "Understanding whether treating Vitamin D deficiency changes COVID-19 risk could be of great importance locally, nationally and globally," Meltzer said. "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled."

            Meltzer and his team emphasize the importance of experimental studies to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19. They also highlight the need for studies of what strategies for vitamin D supplementation may be most appropriate in specific populations. They have initiated several clinical trials at UChicago Medicine and with partners locally.

 

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