Variant II

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the vocabulary.

What does the circulatory organs consist of? What is the vascular system?

        The circulatory organs consist of the heart, the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries, the venulae, and the veins. Together they comprise the so-called vascular system. This system is a set of closed tubes beginning and ending at the heart and having only one or two openings. In the mammal there are two circulations, the greater and the lesser, each of which is provided with a heart, but the two hearts are so closely united anatomically that we generally speak of only one heart, dividing it physiologically into the right and left heart.

        The heart is the central organ of this system. It is attached at the base to the large blood vessels. The heart pumps the blood through the vessels by strong contractions of the powerful muscles. The average weight of the heart of the horse is 7,5 pounds, of the ox – 5,5 pounds.

       The heart is situated in the chest cavity between the lungs in a chamber called the pericardium. This is a double bag, one adherent to the heart itself, while the other envelopes the heart more loosely. Between these two coverings is the pericardial fluid which is a form of lymph.

        The heart has four cavities – the right and the left auricles and the right and the left ventricles. The two cavities of one side are separated from those of the other by a septum of fibromuscular composition that keeps the pure and impure blood from mixing. The right anterior part of the base of the heart is formed by the right auricle. It has orifices for the anterior and posterior venae cavae and in the ventral part the right auriculoventricular orifices which open into the right ventricle. The right ventricle occupies the right anterior of the ventricular mass, but does not reach the apex. It communicates with the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary orifice. The left auricle forms the posterior part of the base of the heart.

         The right and left portion of the heart each consists of an auricle and a ventricle. These are divided from one another by a transverse partition and communicate with another by valves which allow the blood to flow in one direction only, namely from the auricle to the ventricle.

          The blood is kept in constant circulation through the vessels by the involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the heart which acts as a double pump. The right and left portions of the heart have no direct communication with each other. They work together but independently.

 

arteriole ['a:təriɒul] артериола

vascular ['vaskju:lə] сосудистый

tube [tju:b] трубка

opening ['əupniŋ] отверстие

vessel [vesl] сосуд

chamber ['t∫eimbə] камера сердца

pericardium [peri'ka:djəm] перикард, околосердечная сумка

 envelope ['envələup] пленка

 pericardial fluid [pəri'ka:djem 'flu:id] перекардическая жидкость

 lymph ['limf] лимфа

auricle ['ɒ:rikl] предсердие

ventricle ['ventrikl] желудочек

septum ['septəm] перегородка

fibromuscular ["faibrəu'mΛskjulə] волокнистомускульной

orifice ['ɒrifis] отверстие, выход

 vena cava ['vi:ni 'kΛvə] полая вена

auriculoventricula [ɒ:ri'kjuləuven'trikjulə] антривентрикулярный

 pulmonary ['pΛlmənəri] легочный

 fluid ['flu:id] жидкость

partition [pa:'ti∫ən] перегородка

valve [vælv] клапан

 

Ex. 2. Make a review of the article.

The surprising rhythms of Leopards: Females are early birds, males are nocturnal

 

Date: September 10, 2020

Source: University of Copenhagen

Summary:

After 10 months of camera surveillance in the Tanzanian rainforest, researchers have concluded that female and male leopards are active at very different times of the day. The discovery contradicts previous assumptions and could be used to help protect the endangered feline, whose populations have dwindled by 85 percent over the past century.

     "I'm the first person to study leopards in this area, simply because it is so inaccessible. It took several pairs of good hiking boots, let me put it that way," says Havmøller, who never actually got to see one of the shy leopards with his own eyes. Instead, he had to "settle" for buffalo and elephants.

    While Havmøller never caught a glimpse of a leopard himself, his 164 camera traps most certainly did. Using motion sensors, the cameras captured the leopards, as well as forest antelopes, baboons and other leopard prey on film. Camera observations revealed leopard behaviour that contradicts previous assumptions.

      "In the past, leopards were thought to be most active at dusk. Very surprisingly, the study shows that leopards hunt and move around at very different times of the day depending on whether they are females or males," says Rasmus W. Havmøller, who adds:

        "Females are typically active from early through late morning, and then a bit before sunset, while males only really wake up at night."

This is the first time that differences in activity patterns between male and female leopards have been studied.

       Differences between male and female leopards have only recently begun to be studied, so there is still much to learn about the animal. But researchers need to hurry. Rapidly growing human populations in Africa and India are the greatest threat to these animals, which are forced from their habitats and shot when they near livestock.

     "Globally, things are going awfully for leopards, with sharp declines in their populations over the past 100 years. Furthermore, these animals aren't monitored all that well. In part, this is because it is difficult. But also, because there has been a greater focus on species that are even more endangered, including lions, tigers and cheetahs. Therefore, it might be that the leopards in Udzungwa present the last chance to study these creatures in a diversified environment, one that has only been lightly impacted by humans, before they end up becoming highly endangered" explains Rasmus W. Havmøller.

      The researcher believes that the results will provide a better understanding of the lives of wild leopards -- an understanding that may help prevent their complete extinction.

       "The fact that female leopards are active well into the morning makes them more vulnerable to human activities, since this is when we as humans are most active. To protect something, one needs to have some knowledge about it. During my study, we also discovered that a leopard from the rainforest doesn't move into semi-arid areas or onto the savannah, or vice versa. It's very strange. Why they don't is the next big question," concludes Havmøller.

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Journal Reference:

1. R. W. Havmøller, N. S. Jacobsen, N. Scharff, F. Rovero, F. Zimmermann. Assessing the activity pattern overlap among leopards ( Panthera pardus ), potential prey and competitors in a complex landscape in Tanzania. Journal of Zoology, 2020; 311 (3): 175 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12774

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